Living Evidence
US RWE Corpus 2016–2026
Continuously curated publications on influenza burden and vaccine performance in US high-risk populations. Every study is 1 click from PubMed.
Studies
111
Recent (2024+)
31
+66% vs 2020–22
Open access
44
39% full-text
Endpoints
914
Clinical + Economic
IC studies
1 of 112
99.1% evidence void
Data provenance
Curated from a targeted PubMed / Embase / CCTR search (June 7, 2026 run). Only US-population RWE with observational/registry/surveillance design. Grey lit included from RSVVW, RTI, ESWI, ISRV, IDWeek. In production, an auto-updating PubMed E-utilities poller keeps this current every 24h.
Publications over time
US corpus by year
PRISMA flow
Identified → screened → verified → extracted
Custom SVG rendering with gradient Bezier flows.
Live PubMed Feed
Live NCBI E-utilities query for recent influenza + high-risk publications
Window
Server-side query using CDC-style eligibility terms. Refreshes on-demand or every hour.
Curated Study Explorer
Filter, sort, and search the full 111 US publications. Click any row to open the citation drawer.
112 of 112
| Year | Title | Design | N | Tier | Data source | Rigor | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | Influenza Activity and Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness During the 2025-2026 Influenza Season | Surveillance | 168,658 | clinical laboratories; public health lab | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2026 | Interim Estimates of 2025-26 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, September 2025-February 2026 | Test-negative CC | 142,494 | New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2026 | Maximizing public health benefits: Policy perspectives on coverage and cell-based influenza vaccines in the US | Modeling | — | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2026 | Comparative Effectiveness of Different Influenza Vaccine Formulations among Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis | Cohort | 578,232 | United States Renal Data System database | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2026 | Severity of Clinical Presentation and Outcomes in Hospitalized Adult People With Influenza by Type and Subtype, United States-2017-2020 | Surveillance | — | Hospitalized adults aged ≥18 years in 4 | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2026 | Adjuvanted vs High-Dose Influenza Vaccines in Older US Adults: A Cluster Randomized Crossover Study | RCT | 429,595 | T3 ≥65 | Kaiser Permanente Northern California | ★★★★★ | |
| 2026 | Differences in influenza vaccine effectiveness by sex among adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness-IVY network, January 24, 2022-September 1, 2024 | Test-negative CC | — | IVY network | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 1 September 2023 to 31 May 2024 | Test-negative CC | 7,690 | multistate sentinel surveillance network | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Comparable effectiveness of MF59®-adjuvanted and high-dose quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines for prevention of test-confirmed influenza during the 2022-2023 influenza season | Test-negative CC | 30,911 | T3 ≥65 | Optum Market Clarity database | ★★★★★ | |
| 2025 | Estimated impact of 2022-2023 influenza vaccines on annual hospital burden in the United States | Modeling | — | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations in adults with liver disease, 2015-2020: US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN) | Test-negative CC | 12,704 | US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Identification and characterisation of clinically distinct subgroups of adults hospitalised with influenza in the USA: a repeated cross-sectional study | Surveillance | 15,873 | FluSurv-NET | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters for Children, Adolescents, and Adults During the 2023-2024 Season, United States | Test-negative CC | 341,606 | healthcare encounters data from health s | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024-February 2025 | Test-negative CC | 185,141 | IVY; NVSN; U.S. Flu VE; VISION | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations During a High Severity Season - Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, United States, 2024-25 Influenza Season | Surveillance | 38,960 | FluSurv-NET | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2025 | Recombinant vs Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccination for Nursing Home Residents: A Cluster Randomized Trial | RCT | 144,565 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare claims data | ★★★★★ | |
| 2024 | Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Emergency Department, Urgent Care, and Hospitalization Encounters Among US Adults, 2022-2023 | Test-negative CC | 105,140 | NR | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | A clinical and economic assessment of adjuvanted trivalent versus standard egg-derived quadrivalent influenza vaccines among older adults in the United States during the 2018-19 and 2019-20 influenza seasons | Cohort | 2,187,237 | T3 ≥65 | deidentified US hospital data linked to | ★★★★★ | |
| 2024 | Comparative Effectiveness of Licensed Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-related Medical Encounters and Hospitalizations in the 2022-2023 Influenza Season Among Adults ≥65 Years of Age | Cohort | 495,119 | T3 ≥65 | Kaiser Permanente Southern California | ★★★★★ | |
| 2024 | Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Pre-pandemic Among Adults Hospitalized With Congestive Heart Failure or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Older Adults | Test-negative CC | 1,515 | Prospective enrollment at 2 US hospitals | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | Relative Effectiveness of the MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Versus High-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults With Influenza Risk Factors During the 2019-2020 US Influenza Season | retrospective cohort | 3,677,443 | Veradigm Network EHR, linked with Komodo | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | The Potential Benefits of Delaying Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Selections for the Northern Hemisphere: A Retrospective Modeling Study in the United States | Modeling | — | SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-rec | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | Estimating the Burden of Influenza Hospitalizations Across Multiple Seasons Using Capture-Recapture | Surveillance | — | Emerging Infections Program (EIP), Hospi | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | Relative vaccine effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted vs high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines for prevention of test-confirmed influenza hospitalizations during the 2017-2020 influenza seasons | Test-negative CC | — | T3 ≥65 | NR | ★★★★★ | |
| 2024 | Economic burden and secondary complications of influenza-related hospitalization among adults in the US: a retrospective cohort study | retrospective claims analysis | — | PINC AI Healthcare Database | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | Incidence of Influenza-related Medical Encounters and the Associated Healthcare Resource Use and Complications Across Adult Age Groups in the United States During the 2015-2020 Influenza Seasons | retrospective claims analysis | — | Veradigm Network EHR linked to closed me | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | The association between influenza vaccination uptake and influenza and pneumonia-associated deaths in the United States | Modeling | 480,111 | publicly available data | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | Relative effectiveness of adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines in older adults with risk factors for influenza complications during the 2019-2020 U.S. influenza season | Cohort | 1,673,832 | T3 ≥65 | Veradigm Network EHR linked to insurance | ★★★★★ | |
| 2024 | High-Dose vs. Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine and Cardiopulmonary Hospitalization or Mortality: Emulating the INVESTED Trial Using Insurance Claims Data | retrospective claims analysis | 106,786 | Medicare claims data | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2024 | Relative Effectiveness of the MF59®-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Versus High-Dose and Non-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Cardiorespiratory Hospitalizations During the 2019-2020 US Influenza Season | retrospective cohort | 4,299,594 | T3 ≥65 | Veradigm Health Insights electronic medi | ★★★★★ | |
| 2024 | Social Vulnerability, Intervention Utilization, and Outcomes in US Adults Hospitalized With Influenza | retrospective claims analysis | 57,964 | FluSurv-NET | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2023 | High-Dose Influenza Vaccine Is Associated With Reduced Mortality Among Older Adults With Breakthrough Influenza Even When There Is Poor Vaccine-Strain Match | retrospective cohort | 44,456 | T3 ≥65 | Optum's deidentified Clinformatics Data | ★★★★★ | |
| 2023 | Temporal Association Among Influenza-Like Illness, Cardiovascular Events, and Vaccine Dose in Patients With High-Risk Cardiovascular Disease: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial | RCT | 3,094 | T2 Comorbid | INVESTED trial | ★★★★★ | |
| 2023 | Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2)-Associated Hospitalized Illness: United States, 2022 | Test-negative CC | 2,334 | multistate sentinel surveillance network | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2023 | Vaccine effectiveness of recombinant and standard dose influenza vaccines against influenza related hospitalization using a retrospective test-negative design | Test-negative CC | 14,590 | hospital system electronic medical recor | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2023 | Modeling the potential health impacts of delayed strain selection on influenza hospitalization and mortality with mRNA vaccines | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | |
| 2023 | Additional Burden Averted in the United States From Use of MF59-Adjuvanted Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Compared With Standard Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Among Adults ≥65 Years | Modeling | 52,788,000 | T3 ≥65 | CDC model | ★★★★★ | |
| 2023 | High Clinical Burden of Influenza Disease in Adults Aged ≥ 65 Years: Can We Do Better? A Systematic Literature Review | Surveillance | 156,198,287 | T3 ≥65 | Systematic literature review of 99 publi | ★★★★★ | |
| 2023 | The Impact of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine on Disease Severity in the US: A Stochastic Model | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | |
| 2022 | Influenza Vaccine Uptake and Missed Opportunities Among the Medicare-Covered Population With High-Risk Conditions During the 2018 to 2019 Influenza Season : A Retrospective Cohort Study | retrospective claims analysis | 31,600,000 | Medicare fee-for-service claims | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2022 | High-dose influenza vaccines for the prevention of hospitalization due to cardiovascular events in older adults in the nursing home: Post-hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized trial | RCT | — | T3 ≥65 | Medicare-enrolled long-stay residents in | ★★★★★ | |
| 2022 | Influenza vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among elderly male veterans | Cohort | 1,690,585 | VHA electronic medical records and Medic | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2022 | Relative Effectiveness of Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines in Adults During the 2019-2020 Influenza Season in the United States | Cohort | 5,625,478 | Veradigm Health Insights Ambulatory data | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2022 | Comparative effectiveness of adjuvanted versus high-dose seasonal influenza vaccines for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | retrospective cohort | — | T3 ≥65 | NR | ★★★★★ | |
| 2022 | Relationships Between Community Virus Activity and Cardiorespiratory Rehospitalizations From Post-Acute Care | retrospective cohort | 5,053,231 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare Provider Analysis and Review cl | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | A retrospective cohort study assessing relative effectiveness of adjuvanted versus high-dose trivalent influenza vaccines among older adults in the United States during the 2018-19 influenza season | Cohort | 2,234,094 | T3 ≥65 | claims and hospital data | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Seasonal influenza vaccination is associated with reduced risk of death among Medicare beneficiaries(☆) | retrospective claims analysis | 26,000,000 | T3 ≥65 | US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Serv | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine for Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations in Immunocompromised Adults | Test-negative CC | 3,524 | T1b Mod IC | electronic medical record data | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Cluster-randomized Trial of Adjuvanted Versus Nonadjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in 823 US Nursing Homes | RCT | 50,012 | T3 ≥65 | Cluster-randomized trial of US NH reside | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Estimating public health and economic benefits along 10 years of Fluzone® High Dose in the United States | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | Budget impact model using a decision tre | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Comparative Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines Among US Medicare Beneficiaries Ages 65 Years and Older During the 2019-2020 Season | Cohort | 12,700,000 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Geographic variation in influenza vaccination among U.S. nursing home residents: A national study | Cohort | 2,817,217 | T3 ≥65 | 100% of 2013-2015 fee-for-service Medica | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Cost-benefit analysis of vaccination against four preventable diseases in older adults: Impact of an aging population | CEA | — | T3 ≥65 | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults, 2018-2019, US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network | Test-negative CC | 2,863 | US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2021 | Comparing the Clinical and Economic Outcomes Associated with Adjuvanted versus High-Dose Trivalent Influenza Vaccine among Adults Aged ≥ 65 Years in the US during the 2019-20 Influenza Season-A Retrospective Cohort Analysis | retrospective cohort | 2,452,417 | T3 ≥65 | IQVIA's New Data Warehouse: Professional | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Optimizing antiviral treatment for seasonal influenza in the USA: a mathematical modeling analysis | Modeling | — | weekly influenza data from Texas, Califo | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2021 | Relative and Absolute Effectiveness of High-Dose and Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine Against Influenza-Related Hospitalization Among Older Adults-United States, 2015-2017 | Test-negative CC | 1,487 | T3 ≥65 | United States Hospitalized Adult Influen | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Economic evaluation of high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged ≥65 years: A systematic literature review | — | — | ★★★★★ | |||
| 2021 | Sociodemographic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Among Adults With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the United States | retrospective claims analysis | 19,793 | T2 Comorbid | Medical Expenditure Panel Survey | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness for Prevention of Severe Influenza-Associated Illness Among Adults in the United States, 2019-2020: A Test-Negative Study | Test-negative CC | 638 | intensive care unit (ICU) network at 10 | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2021 | Effect of High-Dose Trivalent vs Standard-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine on Mortality or Cardiopulmonary Hospitalization in Patients With High-risk Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial | RCT | 5,260 | T2 Comorbid | Pragmatic multicenter, double-blind, act | ★★★★★ | |
| 2021 | Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalization in the United States, 2019-2020 | Test-negative CC | 3,116 | 14 hospitals | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Comparative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine Among Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis | Cohort | 507,552 | T2 Comorbid | US Renal Data System | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | High-dose influenza vaccination and mortality among predominantly male, white, senior veterans, United States, 2012/13 to 2014/15 | Cohort | 569,552 | T3 ≥65 | Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Outcomes of Immunocompromised Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza in the United States, 2011-2015 | Surveillance | 35,348 | CDC's Influenza Hospitalization Surveill | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Interim Estimates of 2019-20 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2020 | Test-negative CC | 4,112 | U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Net | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | A real-world study evaluating the relative vaccine effectiveness of a cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine compared to egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the US during the 2017-18 influenza season | retrospective claims analysis | 3,084,062 | IQVIA PharMetrics Plus® database | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Varying Vaccination Rates Among Patients Seeking Care for Acute Respiratory Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Modeling | 46,462 | US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Relative effectiveness of high dose versus standard dose influenza vaccines in older adult outpatients over four seasons, 2015-16 to 2018-19 | Test-negative CC | 3,861 | T3 ≥65 | US Influenza VE Network | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Influenza in hospitalised patients with malignancy: a propensity score matching analysis | retrospective claims analysis | 13,186,849 | National Inpatient Sample | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Waning of Influenza Vaccine Protection: Exploring the Trade-offs of Changes in Vaccination Timing Among Older Adults | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | health state transition model | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Annual Wellness Visits and Influenza Vaccinations among Older Adults in the US | Cohort | 4,999 | T3 ≥65 | Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Relative vaccine efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines in preventing probable influenza in a Medicare Fee-for-Service population | retrospective claims analysis | 11,475,752 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare Fee-for-Service enrollees | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Evaluating the Relative Vaccine Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Compared to High-Dose Trivalent and Other Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines among Older Adults in the US during the 2017-2018 Influenza Season | Cohort | 1,822,946 | T3 ≥65 | IQVIA databases: Professional Fee Claims | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Projected Population Benefit of Increased Effectiveness and Coverage of Influenza Vaccination on Influenza Burden in the United States | Modeling | — | mathematical model | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Acute Cardiovascular Events Associated With Influenza in Hospitalized Adults : A Cross-sectional Study | Surveillance | 80,261 | U.S. Influenza Hospitalization Surveilla | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2020 | Comparative effectiveness of high dose versus adjuvanted influenza vaccine: A retrospective cohort study | retrospective claims analysis | 2,124,713 | T3 ≥65 | Optum's Clinformatics® Data Mart | ★★★★★ | |
| 2020 | Influenza vaccination coverage among adults with diabetes, United States, 2007-08 through 2017-18 seasons | Surveillance | — | T2 Comorbid | National Health Interview Surveys | ★★★★★ | |
| 2019 | Restriction of Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohorts to Initiators of Medications in Unrelated Preventive Drug Classes to Reduce Confounding by Frailty in Older Adults | Cohort | — | T3 ≥65 | US Medicare beneficiaries | ★★★★★ | |
| 2019 | Economic assessment of a high-dose versus a standard-dose influenza vaccine in the US Veteran population: Estimating the impact on hospitalization cost for cardio-respiratory disease | CEA | 3,658,636 | T3 ≥65 | Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) an | ★★★★★ | |
| 2019 | Future epidemiological and economic impacts of universal influenza vaccines | Modeling | — | transmission model of influenza A subtyp | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2019 | Cost-effectiveness of increased influenza vaccination uptake against readmissions of major adverse cardiac events in the US | CEA | 705,357 | T2 Comorbid | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | |
| 2019 | Assessing Residual Bias in Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Comparison of High-dose Versus Standard-dose Vaccines | retrospective claims analysis | 350,921 | T2 Comorbid | Medicare data from the United States end | ★★★★★ | |
| 2019 | Effect of Age on Relative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccines Among US Medicare Beneficiaries Aged ≥65 Years | Cohort | 19,000,000 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare | ★★★★★ | |
| 2019 | Prevention of Influenza Hospitalization Among Adults in the United States, 2015-2016: Results From the US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN) | Test-negative CC | 1,467 | US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2019 | Interim Estimates of 2018-19 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2019 | Test-negative CC | 3,254 | U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Net | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2019 | Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Coverage Trends Among Adult Populations, U.S., 2010-2016 | Surveillance | 29,345 | National Health Interview Survey | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2019 | Comparison of vaccine effectiveness against influenza hospitalization of cell-based and egg-based influenza vaccines, 2017-2018 | Test-negative CC | 8,132 | Kaiser Permanente Southern California | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2019 | Hospitalization following outpatient medical care for influenza: US influenza vaccine effectiveness network, 2011-12-2015-16 | Surveillance | 7,813 | US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2019 | Update: Influenza Activity - United States, September 30, 2018-February 2, 2019 | Surveillance | 536,301 | CDC influenza surveillance system | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | Severe morbidity among hospitalised adults with acute influenza and other respiratory infections: 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 | Cohort | 1,119 | Electronic medical records of University | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | Influenza in older patients: a call to action and recent updates for vaccinations | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | — | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly | RCT | 5,000 | T3 ≥65 | Cochrane Central Register of Controlled | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Interim Estimates of 2017-18 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2018 | Test-negative CC | 4,562 | U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Net | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2017-18 Season and Composition of the 2018-19 Influenza Vaccine | Surveillance | 1,210,053 | U.S. WHO Collaborating Laboratories; Nat | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | High-Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Dialysis | Cohort | — | T2 Comorbid | national database | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Effective Immunization of Older Adults Against Seasonal Influenza | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | NR | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Influenza vaccination coverage estimates in the fee-for service Medicare beneficiary population 2006 - 2016: Using population-based administrative data to support a geographic based near real-time tool | retrospective claims analysis | — | T3 ≥65 | Medicare fee-for-service administrative | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Feasibility of a cluster-randomized influenza vaccination trial in U.S. nursing homes: Lessons learned | RCT | 2,957 | T3 ≥65 | Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 and Vital Sta | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Economic burden of seasonal influenza in the United States | Modeling | — | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | Within-season influenza vaccine waning suggests potential net benefits to delayed vaccination in older adults in the United States | Modeling | — | T3 ≥65 | historical data (2010/2011-2015/2016, in | ★★★★★ | |
| 2018 | Cost-effectiveness of increasing vaccination in high-risk adults aged 18-64 Years: a model-based decision analysis | Modeling | — | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | Optimizing the impact of low-efficacy influenza vaccines | Modeling | — | mathematical model of influenza transmis | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2018 | Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | RCT | 6,750 | Cochrane Airways Trials Register | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2017 | Controlling confounding by frailty when estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness using predictors of dependency in activities of daily living | Cohort | 2,235,140 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare claims data | ★★★★★ | |
| 2017 | Comparative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccines Among US Medicare Beneficiaries in Preventing Postinfluenza Deaths During 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 | retrospective claims analysis | 6,108,412 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare beneficiaries | ★★★★★ | |
| 2017 | Cost-effectiveness of seasonal quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccination in the United States: A dynamic transmission modeling approach | Modeling | 313,914,040 | Decision-tree model projections | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2017 | Influenza Vaccination Modifies Disease Severity Among Community-dwelling Adults Hospitalized With Influenza | Cohort | — | Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance N | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2017 | Influenza vaccination status and outcomes among influenza-associated hospitalizations in Columbus, Ohio (2012-2015) | Surveillance | 2,071 | FluSurv-NET | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2016 | A cluster randomized controlled trial comparing relative effectiveness of two licensed influenza vaccines in US nursing homes: Design and rationale | RCT | 53,035 | T3 ≥65 | Medicare inpatient hospitalization claim | ★★★★★ | |
| 2016 | Case-Control Study of Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations in Older Adults, United States, 2010-2011 | Test-negative CC | 1,141 | Emerging Infections Program surveillance | ★★★★★ | ||
| 2016 | Fluzone® High-Dose Influenza Vaccine | CEA | — | T3 ≥65 | — | ★★★★★ |
Design distribution:test negative case control 24modeling study 20cohort study 19surveillance study 14retrospective claims analysis 14randomized controlled trial 10retrospective cohort 6cost effectiveness analysis 4